14 December 2016
bands of 27 to 40 GHz. Wi-Fi is
adding 5 GHz and 60 GHz to get the
bandwidth for higher speeds. That
trend continues as the semiconductor
developments make it practical.
Improve spectral efficiency.
Spectral efficiency is the concept of
squeezing higher data rates out of the
same or less amount of bandwidth. A
primary way to do this is to use higher
order or multicarrier modulation
schemes. QAM is a good example
as it transmits many more bits per
Hz of bandwidth. OFDM as used in
LTE cellular and Wi-Fi squeezes much
higher rates into a narrow spectrum.
Another technique is data
compression that reduces the number
of bits to transmit voice, music, or
video. A newer method is multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) as
used in LTE cellular and Wi-Fi. MIMO
takes the high speed data and divides
it into multiple parallel streams that
are then sent to multiple transmitters
and antennas. The multiple signals
are transmitted in the same frequency
band. The differences in transmission
paths allow the multiple receivers
to recover the data. MIMO not only
boosts data speeds, but also improves
link reliability.
Allow multiple users to share
spectrum. We do this now, and there
is more to come. Most of it takes
place in the unlicensed spectrum. The
2. 4 GHz band is a great example. It
is used by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee,
and multiple other wireless services
such as drone control and video, and
even microwave ovens. Problems are
mitigated by the short ranges usually
involved, but also by way of unique
modulation, avoidance, and channel
assignment techniques.
Another application is cellular
offload. This is a technique where
the cellular operators transfer high
data rate connections like video
to a nearby Wi-Fi hot spot if one
is available. This keeps the cellular
network from going into overload
as it sometimes does. The Wi-Fi
5 GHz band is popular as now
the Department of Transportation
(DOT) wants to use a portion of
that band for vehicle-to-vehicle
(V2V) communications. V2V is a
forthcoming system that lets cars talk
to one another about speed, location,
and direction for safety purposes.
Will interference be a problem?
A consortium of cellular interests
wants to use the 3. 5 GHz band for
expanding cellular services. Will it
conflict with the radar in that band?
Then, there is white space.
White space refers to the unused
TV channels around the US. Many
of these 6 MHz wide channels in
the 54 to 790 MHz range were
abandoned a while back as stations
moved to higher frequency bands
with the switch to digital, or ended
TV broadcasting. These bands are
useful for broadband data services
in rural areas, industrial monitoring
and control, and other wireless data
needs. The problem is how to avoid
interference to TV stations on some
or adjacent channels.
The answer is cognitive radio
techniques that listen before
transmitting, then waiting until the
channel is free. Cognitive radio also
usually employs a database that lists
all stations and other services that a
transmitter can access on-the-fly to
determine the channel’s availability.
Spectrum repurposing. Patches
of spectrum may not be widely used,
but are allocated such that it cannot
be used for other applications. Some
government and military spectrum
is like that. The idea is to get the
spectrum owner to give it up for other
uses. No one wants to lose spectrum
holdings, but some government
and military spectrum could be
repurposed if they can be convinced
it is beneficial.
The FCC is encouraging this
approach. It is now conducting
auctions for spectrum. TV stations are
motivated to give up unused channels
as they will receive a portion of the
auction income. Most of the buyers
pay millions — even billions — to get
more bands for cellular expansion.
Final Transmission
The spectrum shortage is being
dealt with one approach at a time. It
will only get worse as more wireless
applications are being implemented.
New technologies and improved
spectrum management will continue
to resolve problems as they show up.
We always find a way to solve them.
Innovation will play a major role
as spectrum availability comes to an
end. Not right now, but in the future.
NV
THE LATEST IN NETWORKING AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
THIS CHART WAS CREATED
BY
DELMON C. MORRISON
JUNE 1, 2011
UNITED
STATES
THE RADIO SPEC TRUM
NON-FEDERAL EXCLUSIVE
FEDERAL/NON-FEDERALSHARED FEDERALEXCLUSIVE
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
ACTIVITY CODE
PLEASENOTE:THESPACINGALLOTTEDTHESERVICESINTHESPECTRUM
SEGMENTSSHOWNISNOTPROPORTIONALTOTHEACTUALAMOUNTOF
SPECTRUMOCCUPIED
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED CapitalLetters
Secondary Mobile 1stCapitalwithlowercaseletters
U.S. DEPARTMENTOF COMMERCE
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
Office of Spectrum Management
JANUARY 2016
*EXCEPTAERONAUTICALMOBILE(R)
**EXCEPTAERONAUTICALMOBILE
ALLOCATIONS
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SATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
SATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
SATELLITE
MARITIME
RADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICAL
METEOROLOGICAL
SATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATION
SATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCY
AND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCY AND
TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
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FIGURE 1. See full-sized chart at the article link.