Nuts and Volts - December 2016

14 December 2016 bands of 27 to 40 GHz. Wi-Fi is adding 5 GHz and 60 GHz to get the bandwidth for higher speeds. That trend continues as the semiconductor developments make it practical.

Improve spectral efficiency.

Spectral efficiency is the concept of squeezing higher data rates out of the same or less amount of bandwidth. A primary way to do this is to use higher order or multicarrier modulation schemes. QAM is a good example as it transmits many more bits per Hz of bandwidth. OFDM as used in LTE cellular and Wi-Fi squeezes much higher rates into a narrow spectrum.

Another technique is data compression that reduces the number of bits to transmit voice, music, or video. A newer method is multiple input multiple output (MIMO) as used in LTE cellular and Wi-Fi. MIMO takes the high speed data and divides it into multiple parallel streams that are then sent to multiple transmitters and antennas. The multiple signals are transmitted in the same frequency band. The differences in transmission paths allow the multiple receivers to recover the data. MIMO not only boosts data speeds, but also improves link reliability.

Allow multiple users to share spectrum. We do this now, and there is more to come. Most of it takes place in the unlicensed spectrum. The

2. 4 GHz band is a great example. It is used by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and multiple other wireless services such as drone control and video, and even microwave ovens. Problems are mitigated by the short ranges usually involved, but also by way of unique modulation, avoidance, and channel assignment techniques.

Another application is cellular offload. This is a technique where the cellular operators transfer high data rate connections like video to a nearby Wi-Fi hot spot if one is available. This keeps the cellular network from going into overload as it sometimes does. The Wi-Fi

5 GHz band is popular as now the Department of Transportation (DOT) wants to use a portion of that band for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. V2V is a forthcoming system that lets cars talk to one another about speed, location, and direction for safety purposes.

Will interference be a problem?

A consortium of cellular interests wants to use the 3. 5 GHz band for expanding cellular services. Will it conflict with the radar in that band?

Then, there is white space. White space refers to the unused TV channels around the US. Many of these 6 MHz wide channels in the 54 to 790 MHz range were abandoned a while back as stations moved to higher frequency bands with the switch to digital, or ended TV broadcasting. These bands are useful for broadband data services in rural areas, industrial monitoring and control, and other wireless data needs. The problem is how to avoid interference to TV stations on some or adjacent channels.

The answer is cognitive radio techniques that listen before transmitting, then waiting until the channel is free. Cognitive radio also usually employs a database that lists all stations and other services that a transmitter can access on-the-fly to determine the channel’s availability.

Spectrum repurposing. Patches of spectrum may not be widely used, but are allocated such that it cannot be used for other applications. Some government and military spectrum is like that. The idea is to get the spectrum owner to give it up for other uses. No one wants to lose spectrum holdings, but some government and military spectrum could be repurposed if they can be convinced it is beneficial.

The FCC is encouraging this approach. It is now conducting auctions for spectrum. TV stations are motivated to give up unused channels as they will receive a portion of the auction income. Most of the buyers pay millions — even billions — to get more bands for cellular expansion.

Final Transmission

The spectrum shortage is being dealt with one approach at a time. It will only get worse as more wireless applications are being implemented.

New technologies and improved spectrum management will continue to resolve problems as they show up.

We always find a way to solve them.

Innovation will play a major role as spectrum availability comes to an end. Not right now, but in the future.

NV

THE LATEST IN NETWORKING AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

THIS CHART WAS CREATED BY DELMON C. MORRISON JUNE 1, 2011

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPEC TRUM NON-FEDERAL EXCLUSIVE FEDERAL/NON-FEDERALSHARED FEDERALEXCLUSIVE RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND ACTIVITY CODE

PLEASENOTE:THESPACINGALLOTTEDTHESERVICESINTHESPECTRUM SEGMENTSSHOWNISNOTPROPORTIONALTOTHEACTUALAMOUNTOF SPECTRUMOCCUPIED

ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION

SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Primary FIXED CapitalLetters Secondary Mobile 1stCapitalwithlowercaseletters

U.S. DEPARTMENTOF COMMERCE National Telecommunications and Information Administration

Office of Spectrum Management JANUARY 2016

*EXCEPTAERONAUTICALMOBILE(R)

**EXCEPTAERONAUTICALMOBILE

ALLOCATIONS FREQUENCY

S TAND ARD FRE QUE NCY AN D T ME S G NA L( 2 0 kHz)

FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Radiolocation FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE FIXED A E RO NA UT I CA L RA D IO NAV IGAT IO N Aeronautical Mobile AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Ma m e R ad on av ga o n ad o bea cons A e on a u ca M ob e A ER ON AU T C A L R AD ON A V G AT ON Ae on au c a R ad o na v g a o n ad ob ea co ns NOTALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME MOBILE FIXED Fixed FIXED MARITIME MOBILE

0 kHz

M AR T M E R A D O NA V G AT ON a do bea cons

0 91

4

1 9. 9 5

2 0.0 5

5 9

6 1

7 0

9 0

1 10

1 30

1 60

1 90

2 00

2 75

2 85

3 00

Radiolocation

300 kHz

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE S TA NDAR D F REQ UENC YA ND T ME S GNA L ( 6 0 kH z)

Aeronautca Radonavgaton (radobeacons)

MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (radobeacons) Aer o na u c a M ob e M ar me Ra d on av ga on (r a d o be a co n s) Aeronautical Mobile Aer o na u c a M ob e RAD ONAV GAT ON A E RO NA UT IC AL R A DIO NA VIGATIO N M ARI TIM E MO B I L E Aeronautca Radonav gaton MA RI TI ME MOBIL E MO BIL E BROADCASTING (AM RADIO)

MAR T ME MOB LE ( e e p ho n y) MOBILE FIXED STAN DARD FREQ AND T ME S GNA L ( 2 5 0 0kH z)

FIXED AE RONAU T CA L M OB LE (R)

RADIOLOCATION FIXED MOBILE A MATEU R RAD O LOCA T ON M OB LE FX ED MA R T ME MOB LE MAR T ME MOB LE F XE D OB LE BROA DCAS T NG AE RO N A UT CA L RA D O NA V GA T ON (r a d o b e ac o n s)

MOB LE( d s r es s a n d c a ng)

M A RITIM EMO BIL E ( sh p son y) AE RO NA UT IC AL R ADIO N AVIG ATIO N ( rad obea co n s)

A ERO N A U T C AL R A DO N A VG AT O N ad o bea co ns MAR T ME M OB LE ( e e ph o ny)

MOBLE excepaeonaucamobe MO B L E exc ep a e on au ca mo b e MOBILE MOB LE MAR T ME M OB LE M OB LE ( d s re ss a nd ca n g)

MA R T ME MOB LE MOBLE excepaeonaucamobe BROADCASTNG RADONAVGATON (radobeacons)

Non-Federal Travelers Information Stations (TIS), a mobile service, are authorized in the 535-1705 kHz band. Federal TIS operates at 1610 kHz.

300 kHz 3 MHz Maritime Mobile

3MHz 30 MHz AERONAU T CA L M OB LE (O R) FI X ED MO BIL E ex cep a e on au ca mo b e R FIXED MOBILE excepaeonauca mobe AER ONAU T CA L M OB LE (R) AMATEUR MARI TIM E MO BI L E FI X ED MARITIME MOBILE FI X ED MO BIL E ex ce p a e o nau ca mo b e R AERONAU T CA L M OB LE (R)

AERONAU T CA L M OB LE (O R)

MO BI L E e xce p ae o na u c a m ob e R FI X ED S TA NDARD FREQUE NCYA ND T ME S GNA L( 5 M Hz)

FI X ED MO BI L E FI XE D FIXED A ERON AU TIC AL MO BI L E(R )

AE RONAU T CA L MOB LE (OR) FIXE D MO BIL E ex ce p a e o nau ca mo b e R M AR I TI M E MO BIL E A ERON AU TIC AL MO BI L E(R )

AERONAU T CA L M OB LE (OR) FIXED A MA T EUR SA TE L L TE A MA TEUR A M A T EUR B ROA DCAS T N G FIXED MOBILE excepaeonauca mobe R M AR T ME MO B L E F XED A ERON AU TIC A LM OB IL E( R)

AERO NAU T CAL M OB LE ( OR)

FI X ED BR OA DCA S TIN G F XE D S TANDARD FRE QUENC Y AND T ME S GNA L ( 10 MHz)

AERONA U T CAL M OB LE (R)

A MA TE UR FIXED Mobe excep aeonaucamobe R AE RONAU T CA L MOB LE (OR)

AE RON AU TIC AL MO BIL E (R)

F XED BRO ADC A S TING F X ED M ARI TIM E M OB IL E AER ONAU T CA L MOB LE (OR)

A ER ON AU T ICA LM O BIL E (R)

RA D O AS TR ON OM Y F XE D M o b e e xce p ae o na u c a mo b e R BRO ADC A S T ING F X ED M ob e exc ep a e on au ca mob e R A MA TEUR M o b e ex ce p a e o nau ca mo b e R F XED S TA NDARD FREQ UENC Y AND T ME S GNA L (1 5 MH z)

A ER ON AU T ICA LM O BIL E (OR )

BRO ADC A S T ING M AR I TI M E MO BI LE AE RON AU TIC AL MO BIL E (R)

AERONA U T CA L M OB LE (O R)

F XED A MA TEU R SA TE LL TE AM ATE UR SA TE L L TE F XED

3

0

3 0 25

3 1 55

3 2 3

3 4

3 5

4 0

4 0 63

4 4 38

4 6 5

4 7

4 7 5

4 8 5

4 9 95

5 0 05

5 0 6

5 4 5

5 6 8

5 7 3

5 5 9

6 2

6 5 25

6 6 85

6 7 65

7 0

7 1

7 3

7 4

8 1

8 1 95

8 8 15

8 9 65

9 0 4

9 4

9 9

9 9 95

1 0 00 5

1 0 1

1 0 15

1 1 1 7 5

1 1 2 7 5

1 1 4

1 1 6

1 2 1

1 2 23

1 3 2

1 3 26

1 3 36

1 3 41

1 3 57

1 3 87

1 4 0

1 4 25

1 4 35

1 4 99

1 5 01

1 5 1

1 5 8

1 6 36

1 7 41

1 7 48

1 7 9

1 7 97

1 8 03

1 8 06 8

1 8 16 8

1 8 78

1 8 9

1 9 02

1 9 68

1 9 8

1 9 99

2 0 01

2 1 0

2 1 45

2 1 85

2 1 92 4

2 2 0

2 2 85 5

2 3 0

2 3 2

2 3 35

2 4 89

2 4 99

2 5 01

2 5 07

2 5 21

2 5 33

2 5 55

2 5 67

2 6 1

2 6 17 5

2 6 48

2 6 95

2 6 96

2 7 23

2 7 41

2 7 54

2 8 0

2 9 7

2 9 8

2 9 89

2 9 91

3 0 0

BRO ADC A S TING M AR T ME MO B L E BR OA DCA ST N G F XE D F XED M A R T ME MO B L E F XE D S TANDAR D FRE QUENCY AND T ME S G NAL ( 20 MHz)

M ob e Mo b e F XED BR OA DCA ST N G F XED A ERO NA UTIC A LM OB IL E (R)

MA R TM E MO B L E A MAT EUR SA TE L L TE A MA TEUR F XED M ob e exc ep a e on au ca mob e R F XE D A ER ONA UTIC A LM O BIL E (OR) MO B L E ex cep a e on au ca mo b e F XE D AM ATE UR SA TE L L TE A MA TEUR S TA NDARD FREQ AND T ME S GNA L ( 2 5 MHz)

LA ND M OB LE M AR T ME MO B L E LAN D M OB LE F XED M O B LE e ep ae onau a mob e R AD O AS T RON O MY BR OA DCA ST N G MA R TM E MO B L E LAND MO B LE M O BL E exc ep ae on au ca mob e M O B L Ee ep aeonau a mob e F X ED L AND MOB LE F XED M OB LE excep ae onau ca mob e F X ED F XE D M OB L E F XE D A MA TEU R SA TE LL TE A MA TEUR L AND MO B LE F X ED F XE D MOB LE F XED A MA TEU R M OB LE ex cep a e on au ca mo b e R AMA TE UR E ADC A S TING MA RI TIM EM OBI LE MOBILE excepaeonauca mobe

3

00

3 25

3 35

4 05

4 15

4 35

4 95

5 05

5 10

5 25

5 35

1 60 5

1 61 5

1 70 5

1 80 0

1 90 0

2 00 0

2 06 5

2 10 7

2 17 0

2 17 3 5

2 19 0 5

2 19 4

2 49 5

2 50 5

2 85 0

3 00 0

30 MHz 300 MHz F IX ED MO BI LE LA NDM O BIL E M OB IL E M OB IL E MO B IL E LA NDM O BIL E LA NDM O BIL E F IX ED F IX ED FI X ED FI X ED FI X ED F IX ED L AN DM O BIL ELA N DM O BILE R ad oast ro no my FI X ED MOB ILE FI X ED M O BIL E L A N DM OB ILE MO BIL E FI XE D FI XED L AND MO BI L E L A ND M OBIL E F X ED MO B L E LA N DM O BILE F X ED M OB LE AMATEUR BROADCASTING (TELEVISION )

F XED M OB LE R AD O AS TR ON O MYM OB LE F XE D AE R O NA UTI C AL RA DI O NA VI GATI O N M OB LE M OB LE F XE D F XE D BROADCASTING (TELEVISION)

BROADCASTING (FM RADIO)

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION A ER ON AUTI CA L MO BI L E(R )

A ER ONA UTIC A L MO BI LE (R )

A ER O N A UT CA LM O B L E AE R O NA U T C AL MO B L E AER ONAU T CA L MOB LE (R)

AERO NAU T CA L M OB LE ( R)

M OB LE SATE LL TE space o Ea h M OB LE SATE LL TE space o Ea h Mob esa e e space o Ea h Mob e sa e e s pace o E a h space o Ea h S PAC E RE SE AR CH space o Ea h S PAC E RE SEA RC H space o Ea h S PAC E RE SEA RC H space o Ea h space o Ea h S PAC E OP ER AT ON space o Ea h S PAC E OP ER AT ON space o Ea h S PAC E OP ER AT ON space o Ea h E MET SATE TE E MET SATE TE E MET SATE TE E FI X ED MO BI L E A M ATE U R SAT ELL T E A M ATE U R A M ATE U R F XE D M OB LE M OB L E S A T EL L T E Ea h o s pa ce F XE D MO B LE F X ED L AN D MO B L E F XE D L A ND MO B L E RAD ONAV GA T ON-SAT EL L M A R T M E MO B L E M A R T M E MO B L E M OB LE e x ce p a er o n a u c a m ob e F XED L A ND MO B L E M A R T M E MOB LE M OB LE e x c ep a er o n a u c a m o b e M AR T ME MO B L E A S M OB LE e xc e p a er o n a u c a m o b e FI XED F X ED L a n d m o b e F X ED MO B L EF X ED M OB L Eex cep ae ona u ca mob e M o b e F X ED M OB L Eex cep ae o nau ca mob e FIXED MOBILE LAN D MO B L E MAR T ME M OB LE ( d s r e ss ur g en c y s a e y an d c a ng)

M A R T M EMO B L E A S MO BL E exce p ae ona u ca m ob e F X ED A m a e ur A ER ONA UTIC A L MO BI LE (R )

M OB L E SAT ELL TE Ea h o space BROADCASTING (TELEVISION)

F XE D A M AT EU R L a nd mo b e F x e d

3

0 0

3 0 5 6

3 2 0

3 3 0

3 4 0

3 5 0

3 6 0

3 7 0

3 7 5

3 8 0

3 8 2 5

3 9 0

4 0 0

4 2 0

4 3 6 9

4 6 6

4 7 0

4 9 6

5 0 0

5 4 0

7 2 0

7 3 0

7 4 6

7 4 8

7 5 2

7 5 4

7 6 0

8 8 0

1 08 0

11 7 97 5

1 21 93 7 5

1 23 08 7 5

1 23 58 7 5

1 28 81 2 5

1 32 01 2 5

1 36 0

1 37 0

1 37 02 5

1 37 17 5

1 37 82 5

1 38 0

1 44 0

1 46 0

1 48 0

1 49 9

1 50 05

1 50 8

1 52 85 5

1 54 0

1 56 24 7 5

1 56 76 2 5

1 56 83 7 5

1 57 03 7 5

1 57 18 7 5

1 57 45

1 61 57 5

1 61 62 5

1 61 77 5

1 61 96 2 5

1 61 98 7 5

1 62 01 2 5

1 63 03 7 5

1 73 2

1 73 4

1 74 0

2 16 0

2 17 0

2 19 0

2 20 0

2 22 0

2 25 0

3 00 0

F X ED F x e d La n d m ob e LA N D MO B L E L A N DM OB L E

3 0 0 0

3 2 8 6

3 3 5 4

3 9 9 9

4 0 0 0 5

4 0 0 1 5

4 0 1 0

4 0 2 0

4 0 3 0

4 0 6 0

4 0 6 1

4 1 0 0

4 2 0 0

4 5 0 0

4 5 4 0

4 5 5 0

4 5 6 0

4 6 0 0

4 6 2 5 3 75

4 6 2 7 3 75

4 6 7 5 3 75

4 6 7 7 3 75

4 7 0 0

5 1 2 0

6 0 8 0

6 1 4 0

6 9 8 0

7 6 3 0

7 7 5 0

7 9 3 0

8 0 5 0

8 0 6 0

8 0 9 0

8 4 9 0

8 5 1 0

8 5 4 0

8 9 4 0

8 9 6 0

9 0 1 0

9 0 2 0

9 2 8 0

9 2 9 0

9 3 0 0

9 3 1 0

9 3 2 0

9 3 5 0

9 4 0 0

9 4 1 0

9 4 4 0

9 6 0 0

1 1 64 0

1 2 15 0

1 2 40 0

1 3 00 0

1 3 50 0

1 3 90 0

1 3 92 0

1 3 95 0

1 4 00 0

1 4 27 0

1 4 29 5

1 4 30 0

1 4 32 0

1 4 35 0

1 5 25 0

1 5 59 0

1 6 10 0

1 6 10 6

1 6 13 8

1 6 26 5

1 6 60 0

1 6 60 5

1 6 68 4

1 6 70 0

1 6 75 0

1 6 95 0

1 7 10 0

1 7 61 0

1 7 80 0

1 8 50 0

2 0 00 0

2 0 20 0

2 0 25 0

2 1 10 0

2 1 80 0

2 2 00 0

2 2 90 0

2 3 00 0

2 3 05 0

2 3 10 0

2 3 20 0

2 3 45 0

2 3 60 0

2 3 90 0

2 3 95 0

2 4 17 0

2 4 50 0

2 4 83 5

2 4 95 0

2 5 00 0

2 6 55 0

2 6 90 0

2 7 00 0

2 9 00 0

3 0 00 0

300 MHz AE R O NA UTI CA LR AD IO N AVI GAT IO N FI XE D M OB ILE RA D O NA V GA T O N SA TE LL TE M OB LE SA TE LL TE Ea h o s pac e S TANDA RD FRE QUECY AN D T ME S GN AL - SA TE LL TE ( 4 0 0 1 MH z)

M ET ADS R M OB LE SAT S E SPAC ERE S SE Spa e Opn S E M ET SAT S E ME TA DS R SPA CE OP N S E MET SAT E S EA RTH EXP SAT E S E E S E S E E S E S EARTH EXP SAT E S ME TS AT E S M ET AD S R Me Sae e E S Me Sa e e E S METE O R OL O G CA L A D S (R AD OS O ND E)

M O BILE SAT ELLIT E( Earth-to-spa ce)

RA D O AST R ON O MY FI XE D M O BILE F IX ED M O BILE S P A C E R E S E A R C H sp ac e o sp a ce RA DI OL O CATI O N Amateur L AN DM O BIL E FI XE D L AN DM O BILE L AN DM O BIL E FI XE D L AN DM O BILE Meteoroogca Satete (space-to-Earth) L A N D M OB LE FI XE D

L AN D M O BILEFIXED L A N DM O B L E LA N DM O BILE L A N D M OB LE FI XE D BROADCASTNG TELEVSON FIXED BROADCASTING (TELEVISION)

LAN D M OB LE medc a e e me y and med ca eec om man d RA D O AST RO N O MY BROADCASTING TELEVSON BRO ADC A S T NG T ELE V S ON M OBIL E FIX E D M OBI LE FI XE D MO BIL E FIX E D M OBIL E FI XE D M OBI LE L A ND M OBIL E FI XE D L AN DM O BILE A ERON AU T C A L MO B L E LA ND M OB LE A ERON AU T C A L MO B L E FI XE D LA N DM OB ILE FIX E D LA N DM OB ILE FI XE D M O BIL E R ADI OL O C ATI ON FI XE D FIX ED L AN DM O BILE FIX ED M OBIL E FIX ED L AN DM O BILE FIX E D FIX ED L AN DM O BILE FIX ED M OBIL E FIX E D FIX E D AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION R AD O N AV GA T O N SA TE LL T E s pac e o Ea h s pac e o sp ace OO RADO OCAON RAD ONAV GAT ON SATE TE RADO OCAON SPACE RESEARCH ae Am A E R O NA U T C AL RA D O NA V G AT O N FI XE D M O BILE RA D O LO C AT O N F IX ED M OBIL E* * F E FIX E D M O BIL E* *

LA N D M O B LE me d ca e em e y and m ed ca e ecomm an d R AD O A ST R ON O M Y O O LA N DM O BILE e e me y and eec om mand L AN D M O B LE m m m mm F E F XE D e eme y a nd e ec omma nd LA ND MO BL E ee me y & ee com ma nd FIX ED M O BILE **

M O BILE (aeron aut ca t ee metr y)

MO B LE S AT E LL TE s pa ce o E a h AE R O N AU T C A L RA D O NA V G AT O N S A TE LL T E sp ace o Ea h s pac e o spa ce M OB L E SA TEL LT E Ea h o sp ace RA D OD ETE R M NAT O N SAT ELL TE Ea h os pace M OB E SATE TE E R AD O DE TER M N AT ON S ATELL T E Ea h o space R AD O A ST R ON O M Y M OB E SATE TE E R AD O DE TER M N AT ON S ATELL T E Ea h o space Mob e sa e e sp ace o Ea h MO B L E S A TE LL T E E a h o sp ac e M O BL E SA TEL L T E Ea h o sp ace RA D O AS T R ON O M Y RA D O AS T R ON O M Y FI XE D M O BILE **

ME T E OR OL O G CA LA DS a do sonde M E T EO RO LOG C AL S A T E LL TE s pa ce o E a h M E T EO RO LOG C AL S A T E LL TE s pa ce o E a h FI XE D M O BILE FI XE D M OBIL E S PA C E O P ER A T O N E a h o s p ac e FI XE D M OB ILE M OB L E SA T ELL T E E a h o spac e FIX ED M O BIL E SP A CE RE S EA R C H pas s ve R AD O AS TR ON O M Y ME TE OR OL O G C AL A DS ad osond e SPACE RESEARCH Eahopae paeopae EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE Eahopae paeopae FIXED MOBILE SP AC E OP ER A T O N Ea h o sp ace s pac e o s pac e M OB LE F X ED SPACE RESEARCH paeoEah paeopae EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE paeoEah paeopae SPACE OPERA TON spaceoEah spaceospace MOBILE m m FIXED neosghony FI XE D SPACE RESEARC H E M O BIL E** Amateur FI XE D M O BILE **

Amateu r R A D O L O CA T O N RAD O O CA TO N MOB E F XED R M F xed BR O A D CA S T N G S A T ELL TE F x ed Ra d o oc a o n F xed M R RO DC NG FX ED MOB E RAD O O CA TO N RA D OL O C A T O N M O BILE M O BILE AMA T EU R AM A TE U R R a d o o c a o n MO BIL E FIX ED F x e d Amat eur R a d o o c a o n M OB LE S A T ELL T E sp ace o Ea h RA D O DE TE R M NA T ON SA T ELL T E spa ce o Ea h M OB L E SA T ELL T E s pace o Ea h R AD O DE T ER M NA T ON S A TELL T E space o Ea h FIX ED MO B L E M O BILE ** F IX ED Eahepoaon aee pa e Spaeeeah pa e Rado asronomy MOBLE** FIXED EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE pa e RADO AS TRONOM Y SPA CE RE SEA RC H pass ve A ER O NA U T C AL RA D O NAV GA T ON M E T E O R OL O G C A L A D S Rad o oc at on Radoocaton RADOLOCATON MAR T ME RAD O-NAVGATON O BILE FI XE D

B RO ADC AS T ING

B ROA DCA S T N G R ad o oca o n F x ed e e me y F XE D e eme y a nd e ec omma nd LA ND MO B LE ee me y & eec om man d A E R ON A U T C AL RA D O NA V G A T O N AERONA U TC A R AD ONAV GA TO N A E R ON A U T C AL R A D ON A V G A T O N AERONA U TC A R AD ONAV GA TO N A E R ON A U T C AL R A D ON A V G A T O N OO F xed FIX E D FIX M OB ILE

SM–24125±0125 SM– 58±075GHz 3GHz Rad o o cat on A mateu r A E RON AU T C AL RA D ON AV G A T ON g o un d b as e d R AD OL OC A T ON R ad o oc a o n FX ED SA TEL L T E p a e o Ea h R ad o o ca on FIXED AE RO N A U TI C AL R A DIO N AVIG A TIO N MO BIL E FIX E D MOB ILE RAD O ASTR ON O MY Sp a ce R e s ear c h( p as s v e)

R A D OLO C AT O N RAD OL OCA T ON RA D O LO CAT O N MET E OR OL O G CAL A D S Am ateur F XE D SPA C E R E S E A R C H de ep s pa ce Ea h o sp ac e F xe d F XE D SAT ELL T E spa ce o E a h A ER O NA UT C AL R AD ON AV G AT O N RA D O LOCA T O N Ra d o oc a o n M A R T M E R A D O NA V G AT O N R AD ON A V G AT F XED RA D O AST RO NO M Y B ROA D C A ST NG S AT EL L T E F x e d Mo b eF x e d Mo b e F pa ss ve R A D O A ST R O NOM Y EA RT H EX PL OR AT O N S ATE LL TE pass ve F XE D F X ED M OB LE F XE D SA T ELL TE sp ace o Ea h FIXED MOBILE M O B AE RO NAU T CA L RA D ON AV GA T ON S anda d equency and mesgna saee Eahospace F XE D FI XE D MO BIL E ** FIX E D MO BIL E* *

F X E D S AT EL L T E E a h o sp ace Amat eur M OB L E B R O AD C A ST N G S AT ELL TE F X ED S A TE LL T E s pac e o E a h MO F X ED M OB LE NT ER S A T EL L T E A MATEU R AM AT EU R-SATE L L TE R a d oo c a o n Am a e ur RA D OL OCAT O NF XE D N T ER S AT E L L T E R AD ON A V G A T ON RA D OLO CAT O N SAT ELL TE E a h o pa e F XE D SA TE LL T E Ea h o sp ace M OB LE-SATE L L TE (E ar h-o-s p a c e)

M OB LE N TE R S AT ELL T E

30 GHz

Eah

epoaon aee ae RA D O LO CA T ON R A D OL OC A T ON AE RON AU T CAL RA DO NAV GA T ON gound ba ed FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FI X E D RA D ON AV GA T O NS A TELL TE Ea h o pa e AE R ON AU T C AL RA D O NA V G A T O N AE R ON AU T CA L RA D O NA V GA T O N RA D O N AV G A T ON SA T EL L TE spa ce o Ea h spac e o s pace A E RO NA U TI CA L RA DIO N AVI GA TI ON F XED-SA TE LL T E (E ar h-o-s pa c e) Eah expoaon saeeacve Spaceeseach Radoocaon EARTH EXPLORA TON SATELL TE acve SPACERESEARCH acve RA D O L O CA T ON Eah expoaon saeeacve Radoocaon Spaceeseach acve EARTH EXPLORA TON SATELL TE acve SPACERESEARCH acve RAD O L OC A T ON Radoocaon Spaceeseach acve EARTH EXPLORA TON SATELLTE acve SPACERESEARCH acve RADOOCATON AERONAUTCA RADONAVGATON Eah expoaon saeeacve Radoocaon Spaceeseach acve EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE acve SPACERESEARCH acve RADOOCATON RADONAVGATON Eah expoaon saeeacve Spaceeseach acve EARTH EXPLORA TON SATELLTE acve SPACERESEARCH acve MA R T ME R AD O N AV GA T O N RA D O L O CA T ON M A R T ME RA D O NA V G A T O N RA D O L O CA T ON M A R T ME R A D ON AV GA T ON A mateu r RAD OL OCA T ON MOB LE F X E D SA TE LL TE Ea h o s pac e F XE D F X E D S A TE LL T E Ea h o s p ac e F XED F X E D S A T ELL TE Ea h o sp ace s pac e o Ea h F X ED F XE D SA TELL T E E a h osp ace s pace o Ea h M O B L E F X E D S A TE LL T E E a h o s pa ce M O B LE F XE D MO B L E F X ED F XE D F XE D S P AC E RE S E AR CH E a h o s pa c e F XE D M OB LE S A TE LL TE space o Ea hF XE D Mob e s a e e spac e o Ea h F XE D SA T ELL T E spac e o E a h F XE D Mob es ae e s pace o Ea h ME EORO O GCA SA E E E F XED SA T ELL TE pa e o Ea h F X ED M ob e s ae e spac e o Ea h F XE D SA T ELL TE spac e o Ea h F X ED S A TE LL TE Ea h o spa ce M O BL E SA TELL T E Ea h o space F x e d F XE D Mob e a e e Ea h o pa e no a bone F XE D SA T ELL T E Ea h o sp ace E AR T H EX PL OR A T O N SA T ELL TE space o Ea h Mob e a e e Ea h o pa e no a bo ne F XE D E AR TH EXPL ORA T ON SA TELL TE F XE DS A TELL T E Ea h o pa e ME EO RO OG CA SA E E E F X ED Mob e ae e Ea h o pa e no a bone F X ED SA T ELL TE Ea h o spac e EAR TH EX PLO RA T O N SA TE LL T E spac e o Ea h S E SPACE RESEARCH E F XED S P AC E R E S E ARCH s p ac e o E a h F XED Rado ocaon Space eseach acve RH OR ON RADO OCATON SPACE RESEARCH acve R ad o o ca on RAD O LO CA T ON R ad o o ca on R ad o o ca on R a d o oc a o n Me e oro o g c a A d s Rado oca on Space eseach acve RH OR ON RADO OCATON SPACE RESEARCH acve R a d o o c a o n R a d o oc a o n Am a eu s a e e A ma e ur Ra d o o ca on R AD O LO C A T O N RAD O LO CA T ON F X ED E AR TH EXP ORA T ON SA TE T E S PAC E RE SEA RC H p assve EAR TH EXP O RA TO NSA TE TE SPAC E RES EAR CH pa eF X ED S A TE LL TE space o Ea h F XED F X ED S A TEL L TE s pace o Ea h F X ED FXED F X E D SA TEL L TE E a h o sp ace Space eseach acve RH OR ON SPACE RESEARCH acve A e ona u ca R ad on av ga o n RH ORON RADO OCATON SPACE RESEARCH R Space eseach RADO OCATON Space eseach FXED SATELLTE Eahopae Space eseach Rado oca on F XE D SA TELL TE Ea h o pa e M ob e s a e e Ea h o spac e Sp ace esea ch M ob e sa e e s pac e o Ea h F X E D S A T ELL TE Ea h o sp ace Mo b e sa e e Ea h o spac eS pac e e sea ch MOB LE S P AC ER E S E ARC H F x ed F XED S P AC ER E S E ARC H M ob e F XE D S A T EL L TE Ea h o spa ce AER ONAU T CA L RAD O NAV GA T ON AE RO NAU T CA L RA D O NAV G A T ON RAD O L OCA T ON S E R A D OLO C A TO N R AD O L OC A T O N RH OR ON RADO OCATON SPACE RESEARCH acve E Rado oca on Space eseach acve Ra d o oc a on F XE D SA T ELL TE Ea h o space F XE D F XE D SA T ELL TE space o Ea h SP AC E R ES EA RC H pas sve E A R T H E X PLO R A T O N S A T EL L T E pa ss v e F XE D-SA TE L L TE ( s p ac e-o-E ar h)

F X ED-SA TE L L TE ( s p ac e-o-E ar h)

M O B LE SA T ELL TE spac e o Ea h Sandad equency and mesgna sae e spaceo Eah F X E D S A T EL L T E s pac e o Ea h M O B L E S A T E LL T E s pa ce o Ea h F X ED EA R T H E XPL O R A T O N SA T EL L TE pas sv e SP A CE RE S EA R CH pass ve FXE ORON MOBLE FXED SP A C E R ES E A R C H p ass v e RA D O A S TR O N OM Y MO B L E F XE D F XED M OB LE F XED MO B L E E A RT H E XP LO R AT O N S A TE LL T E pas s ve SP A CE R ES E A RC H pas sv e RA D O A S TR O N OM Y Eah expoaon saee acve R AD ON A V G A T ON F XE D SA TE LL T E Ea h o s pac e F XED Sandadequencyand mesgnasaee Eahospace F X ED FXED EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE spaceoEah SPACE RESEARCH spaceoEah MOBLE NTERSATELLTE n er-sa e e F XED N TER-SATE L L TE F X E D S AT EL L T E Ea h o sp ace F XED -SATE L L TE (E ar h-o-s p a c e)

RA

D O LO CA T O N M A R T M E R AD O NA V GA T O N A E RO NA U TI CAL R A DIO N AVIG ATIO N N TE R S AT ELL T E nesaee XE DF XE D SAT ELL T E Ea h o spac e F XE D S pac e e sea ch R a d o o c a o n Ra d o oc a o nR a d o oc a o n R A DO LO C AT O N RAD O LO CAT ON expoaon saeeacve

3

0

3 1

3 3

3 5

3 6

3 6 5

3 7

4 2

4 4

4 5

4 8

4 9 4

4 9 9

5 0

5 0 1

5 0 3

5 1 5

5 2 5

5 2 5 5

5 3 5

5 4 6

5 4 7

5 5 7

5 6

5 6 5

5 8 3

5 8 5

5 9 2 5

6 4 2 5

6 5 2 5

6 7

6 8 7 5

7 0 2 5

7 0 7 5

7 1 2 5

7 1 4 5

7 1 9

7 2 3 5

7 2 5

7 3

7 4 5

7 5 5

7 7 5

7 8 5

7 9

8 0 2 5

8 1 7 5

8 2 1 5

8 4

8 4 5

8 5

8 5 5

8 6 5

9 0

9 2

9 3

9 5

9 8

1 0 0

1 0 4 5

1 0 5

1 0 5 5

1 0 6

1 0 6 8

1 0 7

11 7

1 2 2

1 2 7

1 3 2 5

1 3 4

1 3 7 5

1 4 0

1 4 2

1 4 4

1 4 5

1 4 7 14 5

1 4 8

1 5 1 36 5

1 5 3 5

1 5 4

1 5 4 3

1 5 6 3

1 5 7

1 6 6

1 7 1

1 7 2

1 7 3

1 7 7

1 7 8

1 8 3

1 8 6

1 8 8

1 9 3

1 9 7

2 0 2

2 1 2

2 1 4

2 2 0

2 2 2 1

2 2 5

2 2 5 5

2 3 5 5

2 3 6

2 4 0

2 4 0 5

2 4 2 5

2 4 4 5

2 4 6 5

2 4 7 5

2 5 0 5

2 5 2 5

2 5 5

2 7 0

2 7 5

2 9 5

3 0 0

M OB LE F X ED S ATEL LT E spac e o Ea h F XE D SAT ELL TE space o Ea h Ea h o space Am a eu s a e e s pac e o Ea h F X ED S ATEL LT E Ea h osp ace F XE D S AT E LL TE E a h o s pa ce MOB LE - SATE L L TE (E ar h-o-s p ac e)

SandadFequency and TmeSgna Saee spaceoEah F XE D M OB LE RAD O AST RO NO MY SP A CE R ES E AR C H p ass ve EA RT H E XPL O RAT ON S ATT ELL T E p assv e R A DIO NA VIG ATIO N IN T E R-SAT EL LIT E R AD IO NA VIG ATIO N Ra d o ocat o n F XE D F XED M OB LE Mobe Fxed B R O AD C A ST N G M OB LE SP A C E R E SE A R C H pa ss ve EA R T H EX P LO R AT O N SA T EL L T E p ass v e SP A CE R ES E AR C H pa ss ve EA RT H E XP L OR AT ON SA TEL L TE p ass ve E A RT H E X PL O R AT ON S AT EL L T E pass v e S P AC E R E S E ARCH p ass v e MOBLE FXED MOBLE SATELLTE spaceo Eah M OB L E SA T ELL TE RA D O N AV GA T O N RA D O N AV G AT ON SATE LL TE FXED-SATELL TE ( space-o-Earh) A MA T E UR A MA T EU R S AT E LL T E SPACE RESEARCH passve RADO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE passve MO B L E F XED RA D OL OCAT ON NT E R S AT EL L T E RADO NAVGATON RADO NAVGATON SATELLTE AM ATEU R AMA TEUR - SA TEL L TE R AD O LO C AT O N EA R T H EX P LO R AT O N S AT EL L TE p ass ve S P AC E RE S EA R C H p ass ve SPA C E RE S EA R C H pa ss ve R AD O ASTR O NO MY M OB LE F A STR ON O SATE L L TE R AD O N AV GA T O N R A D O N AV G AT O N SA TE LL T E SPACE RESEARCH Passve RA D O AS TR ONO MY EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE Passve M OB LE F X ED M OB LE F XE D MOBLE FXED FXED SATELLTE spaceoEah R A D O L OC AT O N AM A TE U R AM A TE U R S AT E LL T E Am a eu A ma eu s ae e E A RT H E X PL O R AT ON S AT EL L T E pass v e MO B L E SP A CE RE S EA R C H dee p s pac e s pac e o E a h MO B L E MO C R RCH D BRO ADC A S T NG S A T E LL T E N TE R SA T ELL T E EAR TH EXP O RA TO NSA TE TE SPA CE RESE ARC H pa e F XED MO B L E**

S PA CE RESEA RCH ( p as s v e) EAR TH EXP LORA T O NSA TE LL TE ( pa ss ve)

RA DI ON A VIGA TIO LO C A T O N SPA CE RES EA RCH deep pa e Ea h o pa e R ad o oca o n S pace es ea ch dee p s pace Ea h o spac e Rad o ocat on R A DIOLO C A TIO N EA R H EXP ORA ON SA E E RADO OCATON SPACE RESEARCH Ea h ex po a o n sa e e ac ve Rado ocaon Space eseach acve E AR T H EXPL OR A T ON S A TELL TE pa e F X ED M OB LE S PAC E R ESEA RC H pa e F XE D M OB LE F XE D S A TE LL TE sp ace o Ea h EAR TH E XP ORA T ON SA TE TE E Ea h e p oa o n a e e pa e o Ea h D FXED MOBLE BRO ADC A S T NG S A T E LL T E B R O AD C AS T NG F X ED S A T EL L T E sp ac e o E a h F XE D M OB LE BR O A D CA S T N G BR OA DC AS T N G SA TELL TE F X ED M O B LE F XE D SA TELL T E RAD OAS TR ONO M Y F XE D SA TELL T E Ea h o space M OB L E S A TE LL T E Ea h o spac e M OB LE M OB L E S A T ELL T E Ea h o sp ace MO B L E S A T E LL T E E a h o sp ac e MO B L E F XED F X ED M OB LE F X E D S A T EL L T E Ea h o s pac e F X ED MO B L E F X E D S A T EL L T E Ea h o s pac e M OBI LE-SA T ELLI T E( Earth -to-spa ce) FXED MOBLE FIX E D-S A TEL LI TE (Ea rth-to-spa ce )

EAR TH EXP O RA TO NSA TE TE SPA CE RE SEA RCH pa e N T ER - S A TE L L TE N TE RSA TE L L T E EA R HEXP O RA ON SA E E SPA CE RE SEA RCH pa e FXED MOBLE EAR TH EXP OR A T ON SA TE TE SPA CE RES EAR CH pa e N T ER - S A TE L L TE FXED MOBLE N T E R S A TE LL T E EAR HEXP ORA ON SA E E SPA CE RES EAR CH pa e MOBLE FXED R A D O L O CA T O N N T E R S A TE LL TE F XE D M OB LE N T E R S A TE LL TE N T E R S A T E LL TE EA R TH E XPL O RA T O N SA T ELL TE S PA CE RE SE A RC H F XE D M OB LE N T E R S A T E LL TE MO B L FXED SATELL TE spaceo Eah Space eseach spaceo Eah MOBLE Am ateu r R AD O AS T R ON OM Y R A D O L O CA T O N Spac e esea ch spac e o Ea h Am a e ur RA D OL OC A T ON Spa e e ea h pa e o Ea h A MA T E U R RA D OL OC A T O N FXED SATELLTE Eahospace MOBLE SATELL TE E Spae eeah paeoEah FXED MOBLE FXED SATELLTE Eahospace FIXED MOBILE EARTH EXPLORATON SATELLTE acve SPACE RESEARCH acve RADOLOCATON RAD OLO CA T O N MO B L E F X ED FXED MOBLE RADO ASTRONOMY RADO LOCATON RADO NAVGATON RADO NAVGA TON SATELLTE R ADI O AS TR O N OM Y SPACE RE SEARC H ( p a ss v e) E A R T H E X PL O R A T ON S A T EL L TE p ass v e SPAC E RESEA RCH ( p as s v e)

F X ED MOB LE SP A CE R ES E A RC H p ass v e EA R TH EX PL O R A T O N S A T EL L T E pas sv e SPA CE RESEA RCH ( p as s v e) E AR T H E XP L OR A T O N SA TE LL T E pa ss ve SPACE RESEAR CH ( pa s s v e)

N TE RSA TE L L TE F XE D M OB LE Am a e ur FXED SATELL TE spaceoEah MOBE SATE TE E Rado asronomy FXED MOBLE N TER SATELL TE EA R TH EX PL O R A T O N S A T EL L T E ac v e R A D O AS T R O N OM Y R ad o as r o n o my A ma e u sa e e A m a e ur F XE D MO B L E R AD O A S TR O N OM Y S PA C E R ES EA R CH pas sv e RA D O A S T R O N OM Y EA R T H EXPL OR A T ON SA T ELL TE passv e F XE D M OB LE RA D O A S T R O N OM Y R A DO LO C A T O N EA R TH EX PLO RA T O N SA TELL T E p a e FXED RA D O AS TR ON O M Y F X ED S A T EL L T E s pac e o Ea h M O B LE S A T EL L T E s pac e o Ea h F XED MO B L E F XE D M OB LE F X ED S A T EL L T E sp ace o Ea h N T E R SA TE LL TE EA R TH EX PL O R A T O N S A T ELL TE p ass ve SP AC E RE S EA R C H p ass v e N TERS A T E LL T E S P AC E RE S EA R C H p ass ve E AR T H E XP L OR A T O N S A T EL L T E p ass v e EA R TH EX PL O R A T O N SA TE LL TE p ass ve N TERS A T E LL T E S PA C E R E S EA R C H p ass ve EA R T H E XP L OR A T O N SA TE LL T E pa ss ve S PA C E R E SE A R CH pa ss ve FXED MOBLE M OB LE S A T EL L T E N T ER-SA TE L L TE S P AC E RE S EA R C H p ass ve E A R T H E X PL O R A T ON SA TE LL T E pa ss ve RA D O A S TR ON O M Y F X ED M OB LE F X E D SA TE LL T E Ea h o s pac e R AD O AS TR ON O M Y S PA C E R E SE A R CH p ass ve FXED F X E D S A T EL L TE Ea h o sp ace RA D O A S TR ON O M Y MOBLE F X ED MO B L E F XE D SA TELL TE pa e o Ea h E A R T H E X PL O RA T O N SA TE LL T E p ass ve S PA C E R E SE A R CH pa ss ve F X E D S A T E LL T E s pac e o E a h RA D ONAV G A T ON RAD ONAV GA T O NSA TE L L TE RADO LOCA TON R A DI OL OC A TI O N RA D O AS T RO N OM Y R a d o a s r o no m y S PA CE R ES EA RC H p assv e RA D OA S TR O N OM Y FXED MOBLE M OBL ES A TELL T E Ea h o pa e R A D O A S T R O N OM Y RA D ON AV GA T ON S A TEL L TE R AD O NAV GA T O N F XED F XE DS A TELL TE Ea h o pa e NO T AL L OCA TED MO BL E SA TELL T E pa e o E a h R A D OLO C A T O N R A DIOL OC A TI ON MOB LE FI XE D-SA T ELLI T E (s pac e-to-Earth) Amate ur F XE D FIX E D-S A TEL LI TE ( spa ce-t o-Ea rth)

MOB LE MO MOBLE FXED M OB LE FXED XE D F XE D

3

0 0

3 1 0

3 1 3

3 1 8

3 2 3

3 3 0

3 3 4

3 4 2

3 4 7

3 5 5

3 6 0

3 7 0

3 7 5

3 8 0

3 8 6

3 9 5

4 0 0

4 0 5

4 1 0

4 2 0

4 2 5

4 3 5

4 5 5

4 6 9

4 7 0

4 7 2

4 8 2

5 0 2

5 0 4

5 1 4

5 2 6

5 4 2 5

5 5 7 8

5 6 9

5 7 0

5 8 2

5 9 0

5 9 3

6 4 0

6 5 0

6 6 0

7 1 0

7 4 0

7 6 0

7 7 0

7 7 5

7 8 0

8 1 0

8 4 0

8 6 0

9 2 0

9 4 0

9 4 1

9 5 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 2 0

1 0 5 0

1 0 9 5

1 11 8

1 14 2 5

1 16 0

1 2 2 2 5

1 2 3 0

1 3 0 0

1 3 4 0

1 3 6 0

1 4 1 0

1 4 8 5

1 5 1 5

1 5 5 5

1 5 8 5

1 6 4 0

1 6 7 0

1 7 4 5

1 7 4 8

1 8 2 0

1 8 5 0

1 9 0 0

1 9 1 8

2 0 0 0

2 0 9 0

2 1 7 0

2 2 6 0

2 3 1 5

2 3 2 0

2 3 5 0

2 3 8 0

2 4 0 0

2 4 1 0

2 4 8 0

2 5 0 0

2 5 2 0

2 6 5 0

2 7 5 0

3 0 0 0

30GHz 300 GHz

A maeuaee

A maeu ae e Ama eu sa e e RADO ASTRONOMY R DO RONO M R D O R ONOM R D O S A T E LL T E SPA CE RESEA RCH pa e o Ea h R A D O NA V G A T ON S A T ELL T E RA D O N AV GA T O N S A T ELL TE Space esea ch spac e o Ea h Spa e e ea h pa e o Ea h RA A S TR O N OM Y R AD O A ST R O NO MY

ISM- 6.78±015MHz ISM- 13.560±007MHz ISM- 27. 12±163MHz ISM - 40.68 ±02MHz

3 GHz ISM - 915.0±13MHz ISM - 2450.0±50MHz

3 GHz

ISM - 122.5±0500GHz

Thscharsagraphcsnge-pon-n-meporrayaofhe TabeofFrequencyAocaonsusedbyhe FCCand

NTIAAssuch maynocompeeyreecaaspecs efoonoesandrecenchangesmadeohe Tabe ofFrequencyAocaons Thereforeforcompeenformaonusersshoudconsu he Tabeodeermnehe currensausofUSaocaons ForsaebyheSupernendenofDocumensUSGovernmenPrnngOfce Inerne booksoregpogov Phoneo free(866)512-1800 Washngon DCarea(202)512-1800

Facsme(202)512-2250Ma Sop SSOP Washngon DC20402-0001

ISM - 61. 25±025GHz ISM - 245.0±1GHz

AERONAUTICAL

MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE BROADCASTING BROADCASTING SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE FIXED FIXED SATELLITE INTER-SATELLITE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE SATELLITE MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE MARITIME MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIODETERMINATION SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE SPACE OPERATION SPACE RESEARCH STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE

M OB LE SA T ELL T E sp ace o Ea h FI X ED M OBIL E RO DC NG RA D O A S TR ON O M Y MO B L E FXED RA DI O NAV I GA TI ON Radoocaon F I XE D RAD OA S TR ONO M Y MO BI L E LANDMOBLE Rad o o ca t on FXEDSA TELL TE spaceo Eah F XE D M E T EO ROLOG C AL S A T EL L T E sp ace o Ea h RAD O L OCA T ON RAD O AS T RONO M Y RAD O AS TR ONO M Y RAD O AS TR ONO M OB LE F XE D F XE D RA D O AS TR ONO MY RAD O AS TRO NOMY RA D O AS TR ONO MY RAD O AS TRON OMY Rad o o c at on Rad o o c at on R ad o oc a o n RA D O AS TR ON O MY ED S ATELL TE pa e o Ea h S PACE RE SEAR CH pae oEa h ONAU T CAL MOB LE (R)